Maggie Smith, renowned as one of her generation’s finest British stage and screen actors, passed away on Friday in London at 89. With extraordinary talent and unforgettable roles like Professor McGonagall in Harry Potter and Lady Violet Crawley in Downton Abbey, she became a beloved figure in acting. Her work, both on stage and screen, left an indelible mark.
In 1988, while beginning her Tony-nominated run in Lettice and Lovage, Smith was diagnosed with Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder that causes the immune system to attack the thyroid gland. Though she took time off to manage her condition, she later resumed her successful stage career.
What is Graves’ disease?
Graves’ disease is an autoimmune disorder that impacts the thyroid gland, leading to excessive production of thyroid hormones, a condition known as hyperthyroidism. Since these hormones influence various organs, the symptoms of Graves’ disease can affect multiple body systems. While anyone can develop this condition, it is more prevalent among women and individuals over the age of 30.
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Graves’ Disease Symptoms
The most common symptoms of Graves’ disease are linked to hyperthyroidism, including anxiety, muscle weakness, hand tremors, frequent bowel movements, trouble sleeping, heat sensitivity, unintentional weight loss, goiter, irregular heartbeat, and changes in sex drive. Graves’ disease can also affect the eyes, causing symptoms like irritation, light sensitivity, bulging or puffy eyes, and blurred vision, known as Graves’ ophthalmopathy. These eye issues may occur before or alongside other symptoms, and in rare cases, may develop after treatment. Even without thyroid problems, some people experience Graves’ eye disease.
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What causes Graves’ disease?
The exact cause of Graves’ disease remains unknown, but researchers suggest that a genetic predisposition may increase the risk. Certain external triggers, such as viral or bacterial infections, hormonal changes (especially in women), and elevated iodine levels, can contribute to the development of this autoimmune condition.
How is Graves’ disease treated?
Graves’ disease can be treated in various ways, aiming to reduce thyroid hormone production and alleviate symptoms. Anti-thyroid medications help lower hormone levels, offering a simple approach. Radioiodine therapy uses radioactive iodine to destroy hormone-producing cells, often resulting in hypothyroidism, which is easier to manage. Beta-blockers temporarily relieve the effects of thyroid hormones, especially for rapid heart rate and nervousness. Surgery, typically recommended for large goiters or unsuccessful treatments, involves removing part or all of the thyroid gland. Complete removal requires lifelong thyroid hormone replacement, while partial removal allows the remaining thyroid to function.
