Nipah virus is a rare but serious bat‑borne infection that has recently re‑emerged in parts of South Asia, including reported cases in India’s West Bengal. The outbreak has prompted regional surveillance and screening. With severe respiratory and neurological symptoms, high fatality rates, and no approved treatment or vaccine, early detection, hygiene, and preventive measures remain vital.

What is Nipah virus?

Nipah virus is a zoonotic disease, meaning it spreads from animals to humans. It is named after Kampung Sungai Nipah, a village in Malaysia where the virus was first identified in 1998.

The virus can be transmitted through contact with infected animals or by consuming food contaminated with saliva, urine, or excreta. It can also spread from person to person through close physical contact.

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The first major outbreak occurred in Malaysia in 1998, during which nearly one million pigs were culled, as pigs were identified as a key intermediate host. The virus also crossed borders into neighbouring Singapore, where one fatality was reported.

With the recent outbreak in India, Nipah virus has once again become a major topic of discussion, triggering concern and anxiety across the region.

Symptoms of Nipah virus infection

Infection usually begins with flu-like symptoms, including fever, headache, and muscle pain. As the disease progresses, it can affect the brain, leading to confusion and drowsiness.

In severe cases, patients may experience acute respiratory distress or neurological complications, which can progress rapidly and may lead to seizures, coma, or death. Fatality rates have ranged from 40–75% in previous outbreaks, depending on healthcare access and severity of the infection.

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How is Nipah virus diagnosed?

Nipah virus cannot be confirmed based on symptoms alone. Doctors rely on laboratory tests, including:

• Throat swab or blood test (RT-PCR)
• Blood antibody test (ELISA)

Discovering the natural host

Pteropus fruit bats, commonly known as flying foxes, are the natural reservoir of Nipah virus. These bats carry the virus without showing symptoms.

They can transmit the virus to animals such as pigs and horses, and directly to humans through contaminated food or close contact. In recent outbreaks in India, human-to-human transmission has been a major factor.

Protect yourself and others from Nipah virus

There is no specific cure or medication for Nipah virus infection. Early medical care and supportive treatment can improve outcomes. Prevention remains critical.

Protect yourself from bats:

• Fruit bats spread the virus through saliva, urine, and droppings.
• Always boil raw date palm sap before drinking.
• Wash fruits thoroughly with clean water and peel them.
• Avoid eating fruits that show bite marks or signs of being partially eaten.
• Stay away from areas where bats are roosting.

Protect yourself from sick people:

• Avoid close physical contact without proper protection.
• Wash hands thoroughly with soap and water after contact.
• Use hand sanitiser if soap is unavailable.

If you feel unwell:

• Visit a hospital or health centre immediately if you develop fever, headache, or breathing difficulty.
• Early medical care can be life-saving.
• Inform doctors about any exposure to sick individuals or bats.

For healthcare workers and caregivers:

Those caring for suspected Nipah patients should always wear protective equipment, including:

• A well-fitting medical mask
• Eye protection (goggles or face shield)
• Gown and gloves
• Special respirator masks during high-risk procedures